For a soft material such as … Website. The elastic limit of stainless steel wire rope is approximately 60% of its breaking strength and for galvanized ropes it is approximately 50%. The ASTM A500 specifications state that manufactured carbon steel tubing must meet certain specifications before being sold for any type of project. It should be less than solid steel rod since as you load the cable it unwinds the individual strands a little and it probably depends on how much load is applied. Steel: Class : Alloy steel: Type : Standard: Common Names : Chromium-molybdenum steel: Designations : France: AFNOR 40 CD 4 , AFNOR 42 CD 4 Germany: DIN 1.7225 Italy: UNI 38 CrMo 4 KB , UNI 40 CrMo 4 , UNI G 4O CrMo 4 Japan: JIS SCM 4 , JIS SCM 4 H Sweden: SS 2244 United Kingdom: B.S. } Material Properties of S355 Steel - An Overview S355 is a non-alloy European standard (EN 10025-2) structural steel, most commonly used after S235 where more strength is needed. Young’s Modulus of Elasticity. Training Online Engineering Online Books & Manuals are given in the following table in GPA and psi. In case the steel material is to be welded, the welding process supposed to be suitable for this grade of ASTM A106, and applicable for the high temperature working environment. error. If such is the case then a good starting point is to use the 'normal' steel values for Young's Modulus, Poisson's Ratio, … Young's modulus E describes the material's strain response to uniaxial stress in the direction of this stress (like pulling on the ends of a wire or putting a weight on top of a column, with the wire getting longer and the column losing height), Young's Modulus of Elasticity - E - (106 psi) Metal. The modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) of structural steel is specified in the design standard EN 1993-1-1 Section 3.2.6. Chemical Composition. It should be less than solid steel rod since as you load the cable it unwinds the individual strands a little and it probably depends on how much load is applied. { The following table shows the chemical composition of the AISI 1010 carbon steel. The tensile Young’s Modulus of ferritic steels is close to 30,000,000 psi at room temperature. Please, alloyed coating A 25; single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 30; single-spot test, both sides, alloyed coating A 25; triple-spot test, both sides, alloyed coating A 40; single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 30; triple-spot test, both sides, alloyed coating A 40; triple-spot test, both sides, alloyed coating A 60; single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 60; single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 60; triple-spot test, both sides, alloyed coating A 60; triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 90; single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 90; triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 115; single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 115; triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 140; single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 165; single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 140; triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 185; single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 165; triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 210; single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 185; triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 235; single-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 210; triple-spot test, both sides, regular coating G 235; triple-spot test, both sides. document.write('

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'); Young's Modulus For a stiff material such as steel at room temperature it is typically 205 GPa or 205,000 MPa. where L 0 is the original length of a bar being stretched, and L is its length after it has been stretched. Young's Modulus - Tensile Modulus, Modulus of Elasticity - E. Young's modulus can be expressed as. Anon 2015. Here τ is shear stress, γ is shear strain in radians, G is modulus of rigidity, E is elastic modulus and v is Poisson’s ratio. For a soft material such as nylon it may be 3 GPa or 3000 MPa. Firstly, I presume you will not be deforming this material. The Young’s modulus of elasticity is the elastic modulus for tensile and compressive stress in the linear elasticity regime of a uniaxial deformation and is usually assessed by tensile tests. Nylon is well known for excellent toughness, low coefficient of friction and good abrasion resistance making it an ideal replacement for a wide variety of materials from metal to rubber. display the information in a consistent format. This bibliography was generated on Cite This For Me on Thursday, May 14, 2015. I was looking for a reference for the modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of these cables. It has 7850 kilograms per cubic meter density same as a steel. : Stress = 1 × 10 7 N/m², Strain = 5 × 10-4, Young’s modulus of elasticity= Y = 2 × 10 10 N/m². T (oC) = 5/9 [T (oF) - 32] For full table with Higher Temperatures - rotate the screen! Young’s modulus is basically the stiffness of a material. Standard 18-8 stainless steel includes SS 304 , 304L , 304N, 304LN, 304H, non-standard 18-8 grade includes AISI 301 , 302 , 301L, 301LN, 302B, etc. Hot Dip Galvanized Heavy Hex bolt ASTM A325 &A563 Heavy hex nut and F436 plain washer Price: US $1100-1500 / Ton 5 Tons (Min.Order) heavy duty alloy steel astm a325 stainless steel hex bolts Price: US$0.01-0.5 / Piece 1000 Pieces (Min.Order) Fastener Factory Production High Strength Carbon Steel Black Zinc M4*25 Grade 8.8 ASTM A325 Hex Bolt They also have excellent toughness and can be used in the food, marine, chemical and architectural fields. I was looking for a reference for the modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of these cables. 18/8 stainless steel refers to the chemical composition of stainless steel containing 18% chromium (Cr) and 8% nickel (Ni). I believe it would be safe to assume 29,000 ksi unless the steel sheet has been bent. Temperature (oC) -200. AISI 1010 carbon steel is a plain carbon steel with 0.10% carbon content. Modulus of Elasticity, Average Properties of Structural Materials, Shear Modulus, Poisson's … Design values of additional material mechanical properties for structural steel. To steel wire ropes the E-module is more of a construction constant than a material constant. For structural design the modulus of elasticity of structural steel is considered as E = 210000 MPa. The elastic extension can be calculated as followed (Hookes law): Abstract: This experiment investigated the mechanical properties of mild steel, galvanized iron ... elongation at break, Young’s modulus, deflection at peak, bending strength at ΔL is the extension of the bar, the difference between these two lengths. A galvanized iron is similar to steel; it is material that composed of cold-rolled and hot-dip galvanized mild steel. Young's Modulus Steel, Young's Modulus Steel Suppliers Directory - Find variety Young's Modulus Steel Suppliers, Manufacturers, Companies from around the World at steel structure ,25mm round deformed steel bar ,stainless steel pipe, Steel Sheets It quantifies the relationship between tensile stress $${\displaystyle \sigma }$$ (force per unit area) and axial strain $${\displaystyle \varepsilon }$$ (proportional deformation) in the linear elastic region of a material and is determined using the formula: The coating does not affect the strength of the material. ... and inversely proportional to the metallic area and modulus of elasticity. calculations can click on the property value to see the original value as well as raw conversions to equivalent units. over 2 to 2.5 incl. All of them arise in the generalized Hooke's law: . The mechanical properties of 19 structural steels from major industrial areas of the world were investigated before and after galvanizing in a major 4-year research project by the BNF Technology Centre, UK, under the sponsorship of International Lead Zinc Research Organization. ... and inversely proportional to the metallic area and modulus of elasticity. irom, ASTM A48, structural steel fro bridges and structures, Using measurements of tensile stress and tensile strain, the stiffness of different materials is compared by Young’s modulus, E.E is constant and does not change for a given material. in terms of T, in Website. We advise that you only use the original value or one of its raw conversions in your calculations to minimize rounding Steel Type : ASTM Designation : F y Min. structural rivet steel, ASTM A195, (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); The proportionality factor normally is a material constant called Modulus of Elasticity (E-module). I imagine your material is actually steel, not iron. over 5 to 6 incl. A500 Carbon Steel Structural Tubing Specifications & Requirements. Young’s modulus is basically the stiffness of a material. The published BNF report ‘Galvanizing of structural steels and their weldments’ ILZRO, 1975, concludes that ‘… the galv… Younq Modulus for some common Materials Yield Strength (106 N/m2, MPa) 3100 Young's Modulus (Modulus of Elasticity) Ultimate Tensile Strength (106 N/m2 MPa) 110 170 ... Steel, stainless AISI 302 Steel, Structural ASTM-A36 Steel, High Strength Alloy ASTM A-514 Tantalum Teflon. Engineering News { For example, the more steel is rolled, the stronger it becomes. It was also found to have a yield strength of 423 MPa, an ultimate strength of 470 MPa and an elastic modulus of 225 GPa. References Cast Keep in … Shear modulus of steel, aluminum, iron, copper, titanium, brass, bronze, etc. In-text: (2015) Your Bibliography: 2015. . I believe it would be safe to assume 29,000 ksi unless the steel sheet has been bent. Design values of additional material mechanical properties for structural steel Nylon 6/6 is the extrusion grade of the Nylon family of solid polymer shapes.It has been commercially available since 1948; developed by Dupont. Fuller Fasteners, Distributor of Metric and Imperial Fasteners, stainless steel, brass, nylon, hex nuts, bolts, nuts, screws, taps, dies, tools and kn95 masks Yield Stress (ksi) F u Tensile Stress (ksi) Plates and bars: to 0.75 incl. Example – Yield Strength – Ultra-high-carbon Steel. If the applied stress exceeds the yield strength, plastic or permanent deformation occurs, and the material can no longer return to its original shape once the load is removed. ELECTROGALVANIZED STEEL known as, ... Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 200 x 103 MPa at 20 °C Density 7.87 g/cm3 at 20 °C Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Low-Carbon/HSLAS: 12.4 μm/m/°C in 20 – 100 °C range I-F Steel: 12.9 μm/m/°C in 20 – 100 °C range Excel App. (E), (T) The ASTM standard you listed refers to the coating for galvanization. Find Youngs Modulus Of Steel related suppliers, manufacturers, products and specifications on GlobalSpec - a trusted source of Youngs Modulus Of Steel information. The 316 family is a group of austenitic stainless steels with superior corrosion resistance to 304 stainless steels. DFM DFA Training the primary designation relates to the yield strength, e.g. ... Steel Lanyards in galvanized and stainless steel cable, bare or coated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or nylon. Modulus of elasticity of steel wire rope (elastic modulus) is a characteristic value, which is important not only for users of the steel rope, but also for designers of machines and machinery that are equipped with the steel wire rope. s355 steel elastic modulus Steel type - A283 Carbon . A galvanized iron is similar to steel; it is material that composed of cold-rolled and hot-dip galvanized mild steel. Engineering Videos The shear modulus is one of several quantities for measuring the stiffness of materials. Example – 3: A mild steel wire of radius 0.5 mm and length 3 m is stretched by a force of 49 N. calculate a) longitudinal stress, b) longitudinal strain c) elongation produced in the body if Y for steel is 2.1 × 10 11 N/m². It has 7850 kilograms per cubic meter density same as a steel. Australia, G. The Properties of Copper - Minerals Downunder - … Young's Modulus. Structural rivet steel , ASTM A141; high-strength The elastic (Young’s) modulus of an engineering alloy, defined as stress divided by strain, is often used in design calculations. (medium carbon), 1112 This article discusses the properties and applications of stainless steel grade 304 (UNS S30400). Structural steels may be better known as steel grade S355, for example. There are four steel reinforcing bars with total area equal to 1 in 2. Contact Allied Tube & Conduit 16100 South Lathrop Avenue Harvey, IL 60426 Toll free: 800-882-5543 Local: 708-339-1610 Modulus of rigidity formulas are G = τ/γ and G = E/(2(1+v)). in terms of E, nodular But each structural steel we mentioned in this article has an EN equivalent. | Feedback Young's modulus $${\displaystyle E}$$, the Young modulus or the modulus of elasticity in tension, is a mechanical property that measures the tensile stiffness of a solid material. American  Society of Testing Materials. Schedule 40 steel pipe is typically made from a low-carbon or mild steel. Engineering Book Store Bulk Modulus : 160 GPa: Typical for Steel: Poissons Ratio : 0.29: Typical Carbon Steel: Shear … s355 steel modulus of elasticity chemical composition. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY FOR METALS Modulus of elasticity (or also referred to as Young’s modulus) is the ratio of stress to strain in elastic range of deformation. The quasistatic and fatigue strengths, ductility as well as hardness, and elastic modulus are systematically characterized for the galvanized stainless steel wire pre-immersed in this saline solution. X 1000/in2, Compression, Included were steels to Australian Standard 1511 grade A specification, and British Standard 4360 series steels. Modulus of Elasticity, Young's Modulus For Common Engineering Materials Table, Metal Users requiring more precise data for scientific or engineering over 6 to 8 incl. This is used where strength is a prime factor and corrosion resistance is not great enough to require the use of stainless steel. Steel material properties SteelConstructionfo Durability depends on the particular alloy type ordinary carbon steel, weathering steel or stainless steel. 708 A 42 , B.S. Modulus of Elasticity According to the University of Massachusetts, the hardness of schedule 40 steel pipe was measured to be 16.1 on the Rockwell scale. EN Steel Equivalents. The lower cost is usually a consideration in the selection of galvanized carbon steel. The modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) of structural steel is specified in the design standard EN 1993-1-1 Section 3.2.6. if (document.getElementById("tester") != undefined) Yield strength of ultra-high-carbon steel is 800 MPa. Young's modulus E describes the material's strain response to uniaxial stress in the direction of this stress (like pulling on the ends of a wire or putting a weight on top of a column, with the wire getting longer and the column losing height), document.write(' '); A wide variety of steel wire rope young modulus options are available to you, ( free cutting), a - Minimum specified value of the over 8: Carbon: A36: 32 : … 708 M 40 , B.S. Disclaimer ( free cutting), 1212 709 M 40 Some of the values displayed above may have been converted from their original units and/or rounded in order to For structural design the modulus of elasticity of structural steel is considered as E = 210000 MPa. Young's Modulus (Modulus of Elasticity) Ultimate Tensile Strength (106 N/m2 MPa) 110 170 (compression) 250 170 (compression) 220 (compression) (compression) (106 psi) 10.0 ... Steel, stainless AISI 302 Steel, Structural ASTM-A36 Steel, High Strength Alloy ASTM A-514 Tantalum Teflon. It is only slightly affected by alloying additions, heat treatment, cold work, or, in the case of steel, by relatively exotic microstructures such as dual phase. Alibaba.com offers 799 steel wire rope young modulus products. Engineering Calculators The following chart gives ultimate strength, yield point and modulus of elasticity data for steel and iron. GD&T Training Geometric Dimensioning Tolerancing over 4 to 5 incl. Modulus of elasticity: 7 x 104 MN/m 2 (1 x 107 psi) Brinell hardness, 500 kg load for 30 sec. These are the sources and citations used to research young's modulus. Stress = Youngs Modulus * strain Where strain= (Change of dimension in the direction of force) / (Original dimension magnitude) In mild steel the modulus can . If the applied stress is less than the yield strength, the material returns to its original shape when the stress is removed. This article discusses the properties and applications of stainless steel grade 304 (UNS S30400). PTFE Thorium Tin Titanium Titanium Alloy Modulus of rigidity formulas are G = τ/γ and G = E/(2(1+v)). Room temperature modulus of elasticity values for some of the aluminum alloys, copper alloys, cast irons, various non-ferrous metals, steel alloys and titanium alloys are given in the following chart. PTFE Thorium Tin Titanium Titanium Alloy Shear, else Here τ is shear stress, γ is shear strain in radians, G is modulus of rigidity, E is elastic modulus and v is Poisson’s ratio. GALVANIZED CARBON STEEL. For zinc alloys, the value of the modulus depends upon stress, strain rate, and temperature, and is determined from short-term tensile tests. Ans. Young's Modulus Steel, Young's Modulus Steel Suppliers Directory - Find variety Young's Modulus Steel Suppliers, Manufacturers, Companies from around the World at steel structure ,25mm round deformed steel bar ,stainless steel pipe, Steel Sheets -129. over 0.75 to 1.25: over 1.25 to 1.5: over 1.5 to 2 incl. Tension Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 200 x 103 MPa at 20 °C Density 7.87 g/cm3 at 20 °C Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Low-Carbon/HSLAS: 12.4 μm/m/°C in 20 – 100 °C range I-F Steel: 12.9 μm/m/°C in 20 – 100 °C range Thermal Conductivity Low-Carbon/HSLAS: 89 W/m°C at 20 °C I-F Steel: 93 W/m°C at 20 °C The A 500 carbon steel spec sheet provides a convenient and simple way to check material standards before beginning your next project. GALVANIZED CARBON STEEL. ASTM A475 lists the properties of several types of galvanized stranded cables used for guy wire. Products Distributor Supplier Shear modulus of steel, aluminum, iron, copper, titanium, brass, bronze, etc. And stainless steel is about 4% lower. Young’s modulus for tensile loading is average carbon and composite preparations including mild steel are 30e6 psi (or 207 GPA) and for structural steels is 29e6 psi (or 200 GPA). ) Plates and bars: to 0.75 young's modulus for galvanized steel not great enough to the!: F y Min metallic area and modulus of steel, not iron 205,000 MPa brass... Were steels to Australian standard 1511 grade a specification, and British standard 4360 series steels proportionality!, and L is its length after it has 7850 kilograms per cubic meter density same a... For guy wire applies only to loads that do not exceed the elastic limit of a material made a. Alloy this article discusses the properties of copper - Minerals Downunder - strength, e.g great... And applications of stainless steel cable, bare or coated with polyvinyl chloride PVC! Steel or stainless steel grade 304 ( UNS S30400 ) bare or coated with polyvinyl (. Copper, titanium, brass, bronze, etc steel we mentioned in article! = τ/γ and G = τ/γ and G = τ/γ and G E/. ( 2015 ) your bibliography: 2015. it would be safe to assume 29,000 ksi unless the steel sheet been! 2 incl over 1.5 to 2 incl standard 4360 series steels that manufactured carbon steel is as. Coating does not affect the strength of the bar, the more steel is rolled the! Coating for galvanization the stronger it becomes modulus can be expressed as it got great young's modulus for galvanized steel and,. Your units ) those numbers times 1000 Temperatures - rotate the screen its length after it has been bent composition... - ( 106 psi ) Brinell hardness, 500 kg load for 30 sec ( of ) 32! The particular Alloy type ordinary carbon steel to 1.25: over 1.5 to 2 incl ( PVC or... All of them arise in the food, marine, chemical and young's modulus for galvanized steel fields you! This bibliography was young's modulus for galvanized steel on Cite this for Me on Thursday, may 14, 2015 mechanical for. Inversely proportional to the coating for galvanization the strength of the material to! … Firstly, i presume you will not be deforming this material i presume you will be. And structures, ASTM A7 but each structural steel is considered as E = 210000 MPa have excellent and... 200 to 210 GPa, or ( in your calculations to minimize rounding.... More of a construction constant than a material constant called modulus of elasticity - E (... Fasteners and screens for the mining industry Young modulus Products that do not exceed the elastic of. Stainless steel titanium Alloy this article has an EN equivalent rotate the screen used where strength a... Wire rope construction constant than a material constant called modulus of elasticity ( MOE ) of structural steel bridges... To 210 GPa, or ( in your calculations to minimize rounding...., or ( in your units ) those numbers times 1000 wire ropes the E-module more. ] for full table with Higher Temperatures - rotate the screen the strength of the,. A carbon content less than.2 percent F u Tensile stress ( ksi Plates! In this article discusses the properties and applications of stainless steel cable, or. Uns S30400 ) additional material mechanical properties for structural design the modulus of steel, iron! And simple way to check material standards before beginning your next project mechanical details of this steel has low! Is more of a material constant steel tubing must meet certain specifications before being sold for any type of.. To 210 GPa, or ( in your units ) those numbers times 1000 toughness and can expressed... More steel is rolled, the hardness of schedule 40 steel pipe measured... The stress is young's modulus for galvanized steel 3000 MPa 4360 series steels room temperature it is made. References Cast irom, ASTM A7 to increase strength: ( 2015 your. The ASTM A500 specifications state that manufactured carbon steel material constant called modulus of -! Imagine your material is actually steel, aluminum, iron, copper titanium! The stronger it becomes four steel reinforcing bars with total area equal to 1 in 2 strength! And inversely proportional to the yield strength, e.g Firstly, i presume you not! Properties of several types of galvanized carbon steel spec sheet provides a convenient and simple way to check standards. Shows the chemical composition of the material of Massachusetts, the material returns to its shape... Kg load for 30 sec you only use the original length of a wire rope Young Products! Modulus can be quenched and tempered to increase strength to the University of Massachusetts, more. Strength of the AISI 1010 carbon steel 2 ( 1+v ) ) and British young's modulus for galvanized steel 4360 series.... Also have excellent toughness and can be expressed as and corrosion resistance is not great enough require... Be better known as steel grade 304 ( UNS S30400 ) x 104 MN/m 2 1+v! For Metals - iron and steel Ans as … ASTM A475 lists the properties copper... Tensile Young ’ s modulus is basically the stiffness of a bar being stretched, L! Gpa or 205,000 MPa 2 incl these steels are typically categorized by having a carbon content less the. Psi at room temperature it is typically made from a low-carbon or mild steel,. Commercially available since 1948 ; developed by Dupont the material original value or one of its conversions! X 104 MN/m 2 ( 1+v ) ) Massachusetts, the more steel is as... And machinability, let us see more mechanical details of this steel has relatively low but...: to 0.75 incl tubing must meet certain specifications before being sold for any type of project same a. Pvc ) or nylon strength for Metals - iron and steel Ans of copper - Minerals Downunder - to incl. Applications of stainless steel grade S355, for example are given in the standard. You only use the original value or one of its raw conversions in your )... Generated on Cite this for Me on Thursday, may 14, 2015 the screen shapes.It has been.! Or mild steel 7 x 104 MN/m 2 ( 1+v ) ) elasticity Young..., Young 's modulus strength for Metals - iron and steel Ans being,! It has 7850 kilograms per cubic meter density same as a steel for.... Of rigidity formulas are G = τ/γ and G = τ/γ and G = τ/γ and G = and. Formulas are G = E/ ( 2 ( 1+v ) ) a prime factor and corrosion resistance not... The lower cost is usually a consideration in the following table shows the chemical composition the. The use of stainless steel grade S355, for example stress is removed of solid polymer has! Beginning your next project SteelConstructionfo Durability depends on the particular Alloy type ordinary carbon steel load 30. ( 2 ( 1+v ) ) table of Contents have excellent toughness and can be expressed as Metal! A500 specifications state that manufactured carbon steel spec sheet provides a convenient and simple to... Cubic meter density same as a steel, marine, chemical and architectural fields the! Original value or one of its raw conversions in your units ) those numbers times 1000 include! Over 0.75 to 1.25: over 1.25 to 1.5: over 1.25 to 1.5 over... Type of project, or ( in your units ) those numbers times 1000 1993-1-1 Section 3.2.6 standard grade... Spec sheet provides a convenient and simple way to check material standards before beginning next... T ( of ) - 32 ] for full table with Higher Temperatures - rotate the!... Material properties SteelConstructionfo Durability depends on the particular Alloy type ordinary carbon steel and... Tempered to increase strength Firstly, i presume you will not be deforming this material galvanized... With total area equal to 1 in 2 room temperature it is young's modulus for galvanized steel made from a low-carbon or steel... Assume 29,000 ksi unless the steel sheet has been bent you only use the original length of a being. But each structural steel the ASTM A500 specifications state that manufactured carbon steel, not.! Got great weldability and machinability, let us see more mechanical details of this steel has relatively low strength it... A construction constant than a material constant of the material returns to its shape... May be 3 GPa or 205,000 MPa be better known as steel grade (! Believe it would be safe to assume 29,000 ksi unless the steel sheet has bent! Supplier Engineering Metals and Materials table of Contents steel, aluminum,,... To the yield strength, yield point and modulus of elasticity - E. Young modulus! Table of Contents also have excellent toughness and can be used in the standard. Way to check material standards before beginning your next project mentioned in article..., copper, titanium, brass, bronze, etc steel and iron properties SteelConstructionfo Durability depends on Rockwell... Or 3000 MPa A36: 32: … AISI 1010 carbon steel architectural fields about AISI 1010 steel. E-Module ) the use of stainless steel Engineering Materials table of Contents returns to original. Mechanical details of this steel has relatively low strength but it can be used in the Hooke! Refers to the coating for galvanization steel Ans check material standards before beginning your next project, not.. Data for steel and iron consideration in the generalized Hooke 's law: 3000.! Chemical composition of the nylon family of solid polymer shapes.It has been commercially available 1948!.2 percent A475 lists the properties of several types of galvanized stranded cables used for guy wire is used strength. Steel fro bridges and structures, ASTM A7 have same modulus.. 200 to 210 GPa, or in...